31^st International Conference on Cancer Research and Therapy September 09-10, 2019 Zurich,Switzerland

1. Clinical oncology enfolds the non-surgical aspect of oncology. 85% of all clinical oncologists treat patients with a balance of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Clinical oncologists are involved in the treatment of all types of cancer. They work intently in large multidisciplinary teams that focus on the treatment of cancer affecting parts of the body or systems. They treat patients and manage their cancer throughout the disease. This specialty gives the opportunity of developing clinical and scientific skills with great potential for academic and clinical research. Technologies in the field of clinical oncology are improving promptly. For example, some tumours can be treated with highly sophisticated precision external beam radiation therapy such as proton beam therapy. Some patients can be cured, but for others the emphasis is on effective palliative care and improving quality of life.

Medical Oncology is a modality of treatment in cancer care which uses Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Hormonal Therapy and Targeted Therapy to treat cancer in an effective manner.

Medical Oncology is usually works in conjunction with Surgical Oncology or Radiation Oncology to give the best clinical outcomes.Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells.

Chemotherapy works in a pattern of stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells, which grow and divide quickly. But it can also harm quickly dividing healthy cells, such as those that lie in the mouth and intestines or cause hair to grow. Damage to healthy cells may cause side effects.

The study of epigenetic modifications to the genome of cancer cells that do not include a change in the nucleotide sequence is known as Cancer Epigenetics. Epigenetic alterations are as important as genetic mutations in a cell's transformation to cancer and their manipulation embraces great potential for cancer prevention, detection, and therapy. A variety of compounds are considered as epigenetic carcinogens such as arsenite, diethylstilbestrol, hexachlorobenzene and nickel compounds. They result in an increased incidence of tumors, but they do not show mutagen activity.

It is known a leukaemia, blood cells are made inside your bone marrow, and that’s where leukemia starts. It causes your body to make white blood cells that grow out of control and live longer than they’re supposed to. And unlike normal white blood cells, they don’t help your body fight infection.

There are many different forms of leukemia. Some get worse quickly (acute). You’ll probably feel very sick very suddenly, like you’ve come down with the flu. Other forms can take years to cause symptoms (chronic). Your first clue may be abnormal results on a routine blood test.

Most signs of leukemia happen because the cancer cells keep your healthy blood cells from growing and working normally.

Biopsy is the removal of small amount of tissue or sample of cells from your body for examination under a microscope. Other diagnostic techniques can suggest that cancer is present, but only a biopsy can make a definite diagnosis. The removal of entire lump or suspicious area is called an excisional biopsy. A larger needle with a cutting tip is used to draw a column of tissue out of a suspicious area is called core needle biopsy. In Vacuum-assisted biopsy, the suction device is used to collect the sample which increases the amount of fluid and cell that is extracted through the needle.

Endoscopic biopsy is most often used in gastric cancers to remove the tissues for examination. The removal of small amount of solid tissue from a bone marrow using a needle is called bone marrow biopsy. This method is used to find out if a person has a blood cancer. Blood cancers include leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma. The combination of an imaging procedure such as X-ray, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound with a needle biopsy is known as Image-guided biopsy.

It is one of the three basic specialties, the other two being surgical and therapeutic oncology, related with the treatment of development. Radiation can be given as a therapeutic system, either alone or in mix with surgery or possibly chemotherapy. The mission of Advances in Radiation Oncology is to give unique clinical research went for improving the lives of people living with tumour  and distinctive ailments treated with radiation treatment.

• Radiation Therapy

• Predictive Oncology

• Cancer Imaging

• Stem Cell Therapy

• Oncology Nursing

A nursing professional who specializes in caring for people with Cancer is an Oncology Nurse. They monitor physical conditions, prescribe medication, and administer chemotherapy and other treatments. Oncology is one of the most challenging and gratifying fields in nursing.

The scope of oncology nursing extents from prevention and early stage diagnosis to treatment (such as surgical oncology, radiation oncology, medical oncology) through symptom management and palliative care. Oncology nurses have a cancer-specific knowledge base and clinical specialize in cancer.  Oncology nurses must inspect numerous details about each patient and they must tend to several patients each day. One mistake could affect a patient’s health, so their attention to detail is critical.

Oncology nursing care can defined as meeting the various needs of oncology patients during the time of their disease including appropriate screenings and other preventative practices, symptom management, care to retain as much normal functioning as possible, and supportive measures upon end of life.

Cancer Treatments are medical therapies that asserted to treat cancer by different methods like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation oncology, and immunotherapy. Oncolytic biotherapy is a rising treatment method of cancer which uses infections to destroy cancers. The recent development in genetic engineering techniques has been made using viruses to attack and destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is a method of cancer treatment which uses chemical substances or chemotherapeutics drug to kill the cancerous cells.

It is one of the major methods of medical oncology.

·         Surgery

·         Chemotherapy

·         Radiotherapy     

  ·        Immunotherapy

·         Drug therapy, gene therapy

·         Cancer drug designing

·         Nanotechnology in Cancer drugs

Several types of radiation treatment are used to treat cancer.

• Molecular Targeted Cancer Therapies

• Precision Medicine

• Genomic Tumor Assessment

• Stem cell Transplantation

• Hormone Therapies

Hematologic Oncology is the branch of medicine study about the diagnosis ,prevention, treatment, and avoidance of disease identified with blood. Hematology incorporates the study of etiologist includes treating disease that influence the production of blood and its parts, for example, platelets, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, veins, spleen, and the component of coagulation.

The research facility work that goes into the study of blood is much of the time performed by a medical technologist or therapeutic lab researcher. Hematologists also conduct study in oncology and work with oncologists, individuals who may specialize just in that field rather than both-the therapeutic treatment of tumor.

There are different disorders that people are influenced by hematology. A couple of these different type of blood conditions that are looked at incorporate anaemia, hemophilia, general blood clots, bleeding disorders, and so forth. With respect to related blood diseases, for example, leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, these are more serious cases that should be analysed.

 Cancer is one among the primary causes of death all over the world. Organ Specific Cancers are cancers named based on the location of cancer in the parts of the body. There are different types of cancers, some of them are Head and Neck Cancer, Brain cancer, Lung cancer, Oral cancer, Liver cancer, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Gastric cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Kidney (Renal Cell) cancer, Leukemia and many more.

 Lung, prostate, colon, rectum, stomach and liver are the most common organs affected by cancer in men. The most common organs affected by cancer in women are breast, colon, rectum, lung, cervix and stomach.

The sub-division of genomics that characterizes cancer-associated genes is related to oncogenomics. It focuses on epigenomic, genomic and transcript alterations in cancer. The evolution from normal tissue to aggressive cancer is thought to occur over a timescale of 5–20 years.

This transformation is determined by both inherited genetic factors and somatic genetic alterations and mutations, and it results in uncontrolled cell growth and leads to death. The genetic mutations that lead to cancer occur only in certain genes. Cancer-causing genes have been classified as proto-oncogenes (e.g., the genes for MYC, ERBB2 and EGFR) and tumor suppressor genes such as the genes that encode TP53, CDKN2A, and RB.

The completion of the Human Genome Project simplified the field of oncogenomic and improved the abilities of researchers to find oncogenes. Sequencing technologies and global methylation profiling methods are practiced to the study of oncogenomics.

Biomarkers are molecules that indicate normal or abnormal process occur in your body. Biomarkers may be produced by the cancer tissue itself or by other cells in the body in response to cancer. It is especially used for the identification of breast cancer.  

They can be found in the blood, stool, urine, tumor tissue and bodily fluids. Cancer biomarkers can include Proteins, Gene mutations (changes), Gene rearrangements, Extra copies of genes, Missing genes and Other Molecules Biomarkers helps in cancer research to diagnose the early stage cancers, find out the aggressiveness and develop cancer drugs.

The term phenotype can be used in clinical medicine for speaking about the presentation of a disease.The 

study and practice of medicine based on direct observation of patients. Clinical medicine is a field of medicine that deals primarily with the practice and study of medicine based on the direct examination of the patient. In clinical medicine, medical practitioners assess patients in order to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease.

• Clinical disease
• Endotype
• Syndrome
• Component causes
• Clinical disease

Alternative cancer treatments cannot help in curing your cancer, but help to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life during cancer treatment.

Common signs and symptoms such as anxiety, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pain, difficulty sleeping, and stress may be lessened by alternative treatments. Integrating the best of evidence-based complementary and alternative cancer treatments with the treatments you receive from your doctor may help relieve many of the symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment.

Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Aromatherapy, Exercise, Hypnosis and Music therapy are examples of complementary and alternative medicine therapies which help to cope with side effects of cancer treatments.

It is a specific branch of medicine that uses state of the art equipment and a range of techniques to capture images of the inside of the body.

Clinical radiologists use various imaging techniques including:

·        X-ray

·        Ultrasound

·        Computed tomography (CT) including multislice scanning

·        Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

·        Positron emission tomography coupled with CT or MRI (PET-CT or PET-MRI) – enabling enhanced 3D images

·        Fluoroscopy – using real-time x-ray imaging to show internal structures of the body

·        Molecular imaging – CT perfusion, dual-energy CT, optical imaging

·        Nuclear medicine techniques

Cancer frameworks science includes the utilization of frameworks science ways to deal with tumor inquire about, keeping in mind the end goal to ponder the illness as a complex versatile framework with rising properties at different natural scales.

All the more unequivocally, in light of the fact that growth traverses numerous organic, spatial and transient scales, correspondence and input instruments over the scales make a profoundly complex dynamic framework.

The connections between scales are not basic or fundamentally immediate, and now and again wind up noticeably combinatorial, so frameworks approaches are basic to assess these connections quantitatively and subjectively.

Malignancy frameworks science hence receives an all-encompassing perspective of growth went for incorporating its numerous organic scales, including hereditary qualities, flagging systems, epigenetics, cell conduct, histology, (pre)clinical indications and the study of disease transmission.